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#ONLY MOVABLE BONE IN THE FACIAL SKELETON PLUS#

Lumbar – L1 to L5, the next 5 vertebrae that form the inner curvature of the spine.Thoracic – T1 to T12, the next 12 vertebrae that form the outward curvature of the spine.Cervical – C1 to C7, the first 7 vertebrae in the neck region.The vertebral column is curved, with two primary curvatures (thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves) and two secondary curvatures (cervical and lumbar curves). The vertebrae are divided into three regions: cervical C1–C7 vertebrae, thoracic T1–T12 vertebrae, and lumbar L1–L5 vertebrae.

#ONLY MOVABLE BONE IN THE FACIAL SKELETON PLUS#

The adult vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx. It also protects the spinal cord, which passes down the back through openings in the vertebrae. It is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and allows for their movements. Together, the vertebrae and intervertebral discs form the vertebral column. It consists of a sequence of vertebrae (singular = vertebra), each of which is separated and united by an intervertebral disc. The vertebral column is also known as the spinal column or spine (see Figure 6.2). The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes bones of the s kull (and face), v ertebral column, and t horacic cage.

Hyoid – the bone located between the mandible and larynx, not connected to other bones.

Mandible – the lower jaw bone (the only movable bone of the skull).

Vomer – the bone that separates the left and right nasal cavity.

Inferior conchae – the lower lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

Palatine – the lateral walls of the nose.

Maxillary – the upper jaw and hard palate.

External auditory meatus – the external opening of the ear and temporal bone.

Auditory ossicles – the small bones of the middle ear.

Ethmoid – forms part of the nose and orbit and base of the cranium.

Sphenoid -the ‘keystone’ bone that forms part of the base of the skull and eye sockets.

Temporal – the lower lateral sides of the cranium.

Occipital – the posterior skull and base of the cranial cavity.

Parietal – the upper lateral sides of the cranium.

It is subdivided into the bones of the skull and the bones of the face. The cranium or skull supports the face and protects the brain. The appendicular skeleton is made up of all bones of the upper and lower limbs. It consists of the skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), and the thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum. The axial skeleton supports the head, neck, back, and chest and thus forms the vertical axis of the body. Figure 6.1 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton. The thoracic cage includes the 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum, the flattened bone of the anterior chest. The vertebral column consists of 24 bones, each called a vertebra, plus the sacrum and coccyx. Also associated with the head are an additional seven bones, including the hyoid bone and the ear ossicles (three small bones found in each middle ear). The axial skeleton of the adult consists of 80 bones, including the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back, and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs. It serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back (see Figure 6.1).

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions: the axial and appendicular. The bone marrow found within bones stores fat and houses the blood-cell-producing tissue of the body. The bones of the skeleton serve as the primary storage site for important minerals such as calcium and phosphate. It protects the internal organs, including the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, and pelvic organs. In addition to providing for support and movements of the body, the skeleton has protective and storage functions. The primary functions of the skeleton are to provide a rigid, internal structure that can support the weight of the body against the force of gravity, and to provide a structure upon which muscles can act to produce movements of the body. Younger individuals have higher numbers of bones because some bones fuse together during childhood and adolescence to form an adult bone. For adults, there are 206 bones in the skeleton. The skeleton consists of the bones of the body. The skeletal system includes all of the bones, cartilages, and ligaments of the body that support and give shape to the body and body structures. Anatomy (Structures) of the Skeletal System